Amphidromus adamsii
Amphidromus adamsii superbus

CAMAENIDAE are a large and varied group of terrestrial pulmonte mollusks found in the tropics of both the eastern and western hemispheres. Eastern Asia and the Australasian region have the highest diversity of Camaenid species. A large number of Camaenids are also found in the Caribbean, especially on the islands of the Greater Antilles. Approximately 90 genera are applied to the Camaenidae, one of the most diverse families of pulmonate mollusks. The Camaenid species have mostly large shells from one to two inches (25-50mm) in diameter, though a few species are considerably larger (or smaller). Some are brightly colored with strong patterns and colorful markings, while others are quite drab or unicolored, but have unusual sculptural ornamentation, or aperture dentition. Others are naturally sinistral coiling - the aperture opening to the left.

The most popular collectable Camaenids are those species with brightly colored and boldly patterned shells, for instance, the Amphidromus of South East Asia and the Melanesian-Australasian Papuinid species; and the large and solid shells of the genus Camaena of South East Asia, the Caribbean Pleurodonte, and the banded earthy-tone Thersites and related species from Australia. Color, pattern, sculpture and shape are all morphological characteristics that make the Camaenidae an interesting group of terrestrial mollusks to collect and study.

ECOLOGY: Camaenidae live in a wide variety of habitats. The Amphidromus, for instance, live on low foliage and up in trees. Pleurodonte are ground and tree dwellers. Some Camaenid species prefer limestone rocks and cliffs, while other small Camaenids live deep in limestone scree. The habitats are as diverse as the shells themselves.

TAXONOMY: The Camaenidae have been in a great deal of taxonomic turmoil. The scope of the Family has changed numerous times over the past 100 years since Tryon and then Pilsbry published the monumental 2nd series of the Manual of Conchology. For example, even at the Family level, Camaenidae has no less than six synonyms - Chloritidae, Hadridae, Papuinidae, Pleurodontidae, Rhagadidae, and Xanthomelonidae. A number of genera have also been swapped in and out of the Family. Placement of the Papuinid species in their own Subfamily has also created controvery setting the stage for further evolution of Camaenid taxonomy. Higher level research including anatomical work on the animals has vastly improved our concept of the Family Camaenidae.

LITERATURE:  There are no popular reference books exclusively devoted to Camaenidae. Information about the Family is scattered throughout obscure scientific papers and journals, and more general conchological literature. A suggested first reference for Camaenid indentification is Compendium of Landshells by R. Tucker Abbott. Compendium is an indispensible reference for identifying many of the Amphidromus, Papuinids, and Pleurodontids. A handful of regional non-marine identification books and uncountable scientific publications are a must for the serious student of Camaenidae, offering more indepth information and additional pictures. Of the popular literature, Indonesian Shells - Vol. II, by Bunjamin Dharma includes a handful of pages that illustrate Camaenid land shells of the Indonesian archipelago.
Camaenidae
Camaenidae

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CAMAENIDAE CLASSIFICATION

Phylum: MOLLUSCA (Linné, 1758) Cuvier, 1795

Class: GASTROPODA Cuvier, 1797

Subclass: PULMONATA Cuvier 1817

Order: STYLOMMATOPHORA A. Schmidt, 1855

Suborder: SIGMURETHRA Pilsbry, 1900

Superfamily: CAMAENOIDEA

Family: CAMAENIDAE Pilsbry, 1895




Highlight and click the classification term for a definition and additional information.

Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of Mollusca: A classification of world wide Mollusca. 1-544.
CAMAENIDAE SUBFAMILIES & GENERA
Subfamily: CAMAENINAE
 
Subfamily: PAPUININAE
   







The Camaenidae species illustrated here are catagorized in the above genera only.
Subfamily: CAMAENINAE back to menutop of page
AMPHIDROMUS Albers, 1850  >
Goniodromus C. Bulow, 1905; Syndromus Pilsbry, 1900. Subgenus: AMPHIDROMUS s.s. Amphidromus (Amphidromus); Dharma, 1993; 139.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Amphidromus annaeAmphidromus (Syndromus) annae von Martens, 1892 - Indonesia, 22-26mm - endemic to Salayar Island, off southern Sulawesi. It is a very rare species in collections. The shell is thin, and is closely related to A. maculatus. Photo by Mike Severns. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.579. Amphidromus centrocelebensisAmphidromus (Syndromus) centrocelebensis Bollinger, 1918 - Indonesia, 33-41mm - a rare species with a very limited distribution in the remote central mountains of Sulawesi Island. One of the only Syndromus found in a dextral form where the aperture opens to the right. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.577.
Amphidromus chlorisAmphidromus (A.) chloris (Reeve, 1848) - Philippines, 43-51mm - a sinistral species with a white suture and brown varical lines. Limited to the southern Philippines, from southern Mindanao, and Palawan down through the islands of the Sulu Sea. This lot is from Tongquil Id. tends to be more elongate. The yellow coloring differs from the Palawan forms, which are a brighter yellow. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.. Amphidromus columellarisAmphidromus (Syndromus) columellaris Moellendorff, 1892 - Indonesia, 28-32mm - the eastern-most species in the genus; limited to the Tanimbar Islands. Specimen from The Field Museum, Chicago. Mike Severns photo. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.573. Amphidromus columellaris seierahensisAmphidromus (Syndromus) columellaris seierahensis, Pilsbry, 1900 - Indonesia - a rare isolated subspecies from the southwest islands of the Tanimbar group. The Field Museum Collection. Mike Severns photo.
Amphidromus djajasasmitaAmphidromus djajasasmita (Dharma, 1993) - Sumatra, Indonesia, 35-37mm - Often mislabeled A. mundus, which is an invalid name. This species is limited in range to southern Sumatra. The white suture line and orange tint inside and behind the lip are consistent characteristics of the species. Ref.: Amphidromus enganoensis fruhstorferiAmphidromus enganoensis Fulton, 1896 [+ fruhstorferi Laidlaw, 1954] - Pulau Dua Island, off Engano Island, western Sumatra, Indonesia, 42-43mm - Endemic dwarf small island form. The greenish-brown color is periostracum. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.558. Amphidromus floresianusAmphidromus (Syndromus) floresianus Fulton, 1897 - Indonesia - the true A. floresianus; rare in collections. Limited data states that the shell is from south Flores. The black lip is characteristic for A. floresianus. It inhabits the southeast end of Flores Id. and has been reported from northwest Sumba Id. From the Field Museum collection. Photo by Mike Severns. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.569.
Amphidromus furcillatusAmphidromus (Syndromus) furcillatus (Mousson, 1849) - Indonesia, 37mm - Shells with the brilliant diagonal green striations are referred to A. f. virescens von Martens, 1867. The shell is yellow underneath the green periostracum. A. furcillatus is found in Indonesia on Java and Bali and then has a discontinous range to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.565. Amphidromus janusAmphidromus (A.) janus (Pfeiffer, 1854) - Mergui Archipelago, 39mm - Endemic to the Mergui Islands off Myanmar (Burma). A. janus has similarities to A. atricallosus and A. comes, two species from the mainland Indochina Peninsula. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.532. Amphidromus javanicusAmphidromus (A.) javanicus (Sowerby, 1841) - West Java, Indonesia, 45-51mm - Easily confused with a number of the larger Java Amphidromus. It's large size, thin reflected peristome (lip), radial streaks, and striate surface sculpture are the most consistent shell characteristics. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.561.
Amphidromus kruijtiAmphidromus (Syndromus) kruijti P.&F. Sarasin, 1899 - Indonesia, averages 40-45mm - a spectacularly patterned specimen. Typically void of any pattern. Has a very narrow range in northern Sulawesi. Mike Severns photo. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.575. Amphidromus laevusAmphidromus (Syndromus) laevus Müller, 1774 - Indonesia, 35-38mm - one of the truly superb populations which may, in fact, be subspecific, or a new species. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.572. Amphidromus laevusAmphidromus (Syndromus) laevus Müller, 1774 - Indonesia - This series in the collection of Mike Severns illustrates the extreme variation that populations of A. laevus can exhibit. It represents one of the most spectacular series ever assembled. This large and solid form is from eastern Nusa Tenggara.
Amphidromus laevusAmphidromus (Syndromus) laevus Müller, 1774 - Indonesia, 30-36mm - an isolated island color form restricted to Leti Island east of Timor. The shell color and pattern vary considerably. Amphidromus laevusAmphidromus (Syndromus) laevus Müller, 1774 - Indonesia, 34-36mm - another distinct island color form. These specimens from Lakor Island have a much paler yellow background color with less banding. A. laevus varies considerably throughout its range. Amphidromus maculatusAmphidromus (Syndromus) maculatus Fulton, 1896 - Indonesia, 30-32mm - quite variable within populations and throughout its range in southern Sulawesi. This represents a form close to A. m. jucundus "Fulton von Moellendorff, 1896 which has oblique stripes on the body whorl. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.578.
Amphidromus maculatus kalaoensisAmphidromus (Syndromus) maculatus kalaoensis Fulton, 1896 - Indonesia - restricted to Kalao Island. The lack of a columellar prolongation differentiates this from typical A. maculatus. From the Field Museum collection. Mike Severns photo. Amphidromus maculiferus cotabatensisAmphidromus (A.) maculiferus cotabatensis Bartsch, 1917 - Cotabato Valley, Mindanao Island, Philippines, 67mm - Bartsch originally described this form as a subspecies, which Laidlaw & Solem later reduced to merely one of 20 some-odd forms. The form cotabatensis is distinguish by the connected pairs of red and white maculations or spots. Dextral specimens as illustrated here are very uncommon and were described by Pfeiffer as Amphidromus dextrorsus, which has no validity. Most A. maculiferus are sinistral. A. cotabatoensis is a misspelling. Ref.: · Bartsch, P. 1917. U.S.N.M. Bull. 100 1 (1): 12-13, pl. 1, fig. 1, pl. 4, figs. 1-8 (orig. description). · Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.541. Amphidromus maculiferus multicolorAmphidromus (A.) maculiferus multicolor Moellendorff, 1894 - Leyte Id., Philippines, 66mm - One of three subspecies in the maculiferus complex, each with many named variations with little, or no validity. Specimens with large, elongate shells, and irregularly spaced radial streaks over the entire shell fall into this subspecies grouping. Populations of this subspecies have also been recorded from eastern Mindanao, Basilan, and Bohol. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.550.
Amphidromus pattinsonaeAmphidromus pattinsonae Iredale, 1943 - Burma - rare species only know from the Holotype specimen illustrated here. The original data tag contains specific information. From the Australian Museum collection. Photo by Dr. Gary Rosenberg. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.525. Amphidromus perversus borneensisAmphidromus (A.) perversus (Linné, 1758) [variety: borneensis Pilsbry, 1900] - Borneo (south Kalimantan), Indonesia, 43-48mm - Distinct color form with white background color and streaks that merge into a brown zone below the periphery. The color form appears to be endemic to Borneo. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.534. Amphidromus perversus butoti var: infraviridisAmphidromus (A.) perversus butoti Laidlaw & Solem, 1961 [var.: infraviridis Martens, 1867] - Kangean Island, Indonesia, 40-46mm - a brilliantly colored insular population, which exhibits similar color forms of the larger island perversus forms. The variation among the populations is considerable. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.535.
Amphidromus pictusAmphidromus (Syndromus) pictus Fulton, 1896 - Borneo, 34mm - The species is distributed throughout the interior of Borneo. Typical forms of this species have a close similarity to the Balabac Island form of A. quadrasi. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.580. Amphidromus pictus gossiAmphidromus (Syndromus) pictus Fulton, 1896 [+ gossi Bartsch, 1904] - Borneo, 33-34mm - this form is endemic to the lower and mid-elevations of Mount Kinabalu. Though the general shape of A. gossi is rather different from A. pictus, many intergrades appear in populations for both forms. The species is quite rare in collections. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.581. Amphidromus poecilochrousAmphidromus (Syndromus) poecilochrous "Böttger" Fulton, 1896 - Indonesia - Sumbawa Island. This specimen represents the typical form of the species. Its relationship to the populations of A. poecilochrous from eastern Flores Id. is currently being investigated. Specimen from the Field Museum collection. Mike Severns photo. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.569.
Amphidromus poecilochrousAmphidromus (Syndromus) poecilochrous "Böttger" Fulton, 1896 - Indonesia, 24-29mm - A population from the eastern end of Flores Island. The shells are very thin and translucent when held up to a light. It is very similar to typical A. poecilochrous from Sumbawa, but has a darkened reddish-to-purple-tipped spire exhibited in the Lombata Island species. See next species. Amphidromus cf. poecilochrousAmphidromus (Syndromus) cf. poecilochrous "Böttger" Fulton, 1896 - Indonesia, 30mm - mistakenly identified as A. floresianus in recent collections. A. floresianus has less impressed sutures and flatter-sided whorls. This beautiful species from Lombata Island due east of Flores is closely related to, or, in fact, an A. poecilochrous color form. See the Field Museum specimen of A. floresianus above for a comparison. Amphidromus cf. poecilochrousAmphidromus (Syndromus) cf. poecilochrous "Böttger" Fulton, 1896 - Indonesia, 29-38mm - This color series from Lombata Island shows the extreme variation exhibited by Amphidromus. These are often sorted and separated in collections, but are found completely intergraded in nature.
Amphidromus quadrasi dubiusAmphidromus (Syndromus) quadrasi quadrasi Hidalgo, 1887 [+ dubius Fulton, 1896] - Balabac Id., Palawan, Philippines, 33mm - A. quadrasi is undoubtedly the most variable Amphidromus species in the Philippine Archipelago with three distinct forms. The form dubius is endemic to Balabac Island. It is differentiated from the other two forms by the dark apex, with white early whorls and dark flammulations on the later whorls. The base color is yellow occasionally with bands. None-the-less, in a large series many of these forms blend into the multitude of color forms in other populations. Note the similarities to A. pictus from Borneo. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.584. Amphidromus quadrasi everettiAmphidromus (Syndromus) quadrasi everetti Fulton, 1896 - Palawan Island, Philippines, 35mm - This subspecies represents shells from Palawan that typically have more fragmented radial markings on the spire and darker body whorl coloring. As with most of the color forms in this complex, the delineation between forms is sometimes not so clear-cut. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.584. Amphidromus rhodostylusAmphidromus rhodostylus Moellendorff, 1901 [+ rhabdota Mlldf.,1901] - Vietnam, 44mm - Limited to the Annam region of central Vietnam and southern Cambodia. Moellendorff named a number of color forms from the type population; the illustrated shell here is the color form A. rhabdota. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.525.
Amphidromus richardiAmphidromus (Syndromus) richardi Severns, 2006 - Indonesia, 27-38mm - a newly described species endemic to Atauro, a small, remote island north of Timor. My namesake. The white background color overlayed with yellow and blue markings are unique among the Amphidromus species from surrounding islands. Amphidromus sinistralisAmphidromus (Syndromus) sinistralis (Reeve, 1849) - Indonesia, 33-38mm - the species is limited to northern Sulawesi Island where a great deal of variation is found among the populations. The population forms are separate and distinct, yet a few specimens in this illustrated population are of the form: decolor. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.574. Amphidromus sinistralisAmphidromus (Syndromus) sinistralis (Reeve, 1849) - Indonesia, 35-40mm - An extremely varied population ranging in color from pure white to bluish-brown. The shape is also more turreted and slender than other forms of A. sinistralis. The small dark flecks on the shell are actually part of the color pattern that is translucent when held up to light.
Amphidromus sinistralisAmphidromus (Syndromus) sinistralis (Reeve, 1849) [= decolor Tapparone-Canefri, 1884] - Indonesia, 35-39mm - localized form from northern Sulawesi Island. This color form rarely if ever intermixes with other A. sinistralis forms. One of the most striking and uncommon sinistralis forms. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.575. Amphidromus sylheticusAmphidromus sylheticus (Reeve, 1849) - India, 22-24mm - One of the western-most ranging species of Amphidromus. Typically shells of this species are small, without markings/banding, and greenish-yellow in color. It is endemic to the Assam State of India. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.522. Amphidromus wetaranusAmphidromus (Syndromus) wetaranus Haas, 1912 - Indonesia, 26-32mm - endemic to Wetar Island in eastern Indonesia. Three distinct color forms intermix in all populations; pure yellow is extremely rare. Ref.: Laidlaw, F.F. & Solem, A., 1961, The Land Snail Genus Amphidromus - A Synoptic Catalog, Fieldiana: Zoology 41:4, p.570. / Haas, F., 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8)10: p.415.
Amphidromus wetaranusAmphidromus (Syndromus) wetaranus Haas, 1912 - Indonesia, 26-32mm - Laidlaw and Solem (1961) considered A. wetaranus to be subspecific to A. inconstans, but it is undoubtedly a full species based on comparisons with the latter species. Amphidromus wetaranusAmphidromus (Syndromus) wetaranus Haas, 1912 - Indonesia, 22-26mm - This form is endemic to a small satellite island off the north coast of Wetar Island. Shells in this population are smaller than found on Wetar and almost always have two encircling bands on the body whorl. The form was recently discovered. Amphidromus winteriAmphidromus (A.) winteri (Pfeiffer, 1849)- Indonesia, 50mm - Most closely related to A. palaceus. It differs by the rugose, wrinkled sculpture on the body whorl. This form with an expanded lip is referred to as form inauris Fulton, 1896. The species is limited to the island of Java.
CAMAENA Albers, 1850  >
CAMAENA Albers, 1850; Camena von Martens, 1860; Eucochlias Theobald, 1878; Camaenella Pilsbry, 1893; Pseudobba Möllendorff, 1891. Subgenus: MIYAKOIA Minato, 1980.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Camaena mamillaCamaena mamilla (Férussac, 1821) - Indonesia, 36-41mm - The genus Pseudobba is a synonym of Camaena. This species is large and solid. The wrinkled surface sculpture is characteristic of the species. Endemic to northern Sulawesi Island.  
CHLORITIS Beck, 1837  >
CHLORITIS Beck, 1837; Erigone Albers, 1850 (non Savigny, 1826), Semicornus Klein in H. & A. Adams, 1855, Sulcobasis Tapparone-Canefri, 1883, Trichochloritis Pilsbry, 1891, Ptychochloritis Möllendorff, 1902, Eustomopsis Gude, 1906, Helerigone Strand, 1910, Sphaerospira Kobelt, 1914 (non Mörch, 1867), Trachychloritis Haas, 1934, Aleatelix Iredale, 1941, Goldielix Iredale, 1941, Parvisheba Iredale, 1941, Sheba Iredale, 1941, Timasensus Iredale, 1941, Nipponochloritis Habe, 1955, Verdichloritis Clench, 1957, Neochloritis Minato, 1982?.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Chloritis maforensisChloritis maforensis (Tapparone-Canefri, 1887) - Indonesia, 30mm - Very limited range off north Western Irian Jaya. Similar to C. circumdata, which is has a fine hirsute covering when live. C. micromphalus Pilsbry, 1891 is a dwarfed adult form. Quite rare in collections.  
GANESELLA Blanford, 1863  >
GANESELLA Blanford, 1863; Liocystus Mörch, 1872, Coliolus Tapparone-Canefri, 1887, Trochomorphoides Nevill, 1878, Fruticotrochus Kobelt, 1879, Globotrochus Haas, 1935.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Gansella planasiGansella planasi planasi (Hidalgo, 1889) - Philippines, 23mm - Oddly Trochoid-shaped Camaenid with a thin, translucent shell covered with irregular wrinkles-striae. Only known from Busuanga Island.  
OBBA Beck, 1837  >
OBBA Beck, 1837; Pusiodon Swainson, 1840, Gallina Hartmann, 1843, Philina Albers, 1850 (partim), Obbina Semper, 1873, Obbiberus Haas, 1935.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Obba papillaObba papilla (Müller, 1774) - Indonesia, 22-30mm - This is the typical form from northern Sulawesi Island. Other distinct forms are found throughout the island.  
PHOENICOBIUS Mörch, 1852  >
PHOENICOBIUS Mörch, 1852
Placement of Phoenicobius in the Family Camaenidae is a radical departure from the long-standing classification as a Bradybaenid related to the Helicostylids. Morphologically the shells of the genus are extremely close to Pseudobba, a synonym of the genus Camaena (see above). Ref.:
Phoenicobius palumbusPhoenicobius palumbus (Souverbie, 1858) - Philippines, 36mm - Endemic to Busuanga Island, Palawan Province. The striate surface sculpture and two white markings on the lip at the termination of the bands is characteristic of this species. Ref.: Pilsbry, 1890, Man.Conch. 2nd Ser. Vol. VI, p.209-210, Pl. 27.  
POLYDONTES Montfort, 1810  >
POLYDONTES Montfort, 1810; Leiostoma Swainson, 1840, Pachystoma Albers, 1850 (partim) (non Guilding, 1828), Luquillia Crosse, 1892, Grandodomus Pilsbry, 1931, Hispaniolana Pilsbry, 1931, Lissembryon Pilsbry, 1933, Salleana Clench, 1962.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Polydontes sobrinaPolydontes sobrina (Féussac, 1821) - Cuba, 60mm - One of the largest and most solid of the Polydontes species on Cuba. Similar to P. imperator, but lacks the lumpy dentition around the inner peristome of that species.  
PSEUDOPARTULA L. Pfeiffer, 1855  >
PSEUDOPARTULA L. Pfeiffer, 1855.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Pseudopartula galericulumPseudopartula galericulum (Mousson, 1849) - Indonesia, 16mm - Closely related to the Amphidromus. This is the type species of the genus, which contains two species. Specimens with a thin central band on the body whorl are referred to as form fasciatus Ancey, 1898.  
Subfamily: Papuininae back to menutop of page
CANEFRIULA Iredale, 1941  >
CANEFRIULA Iredale, 1941; Medistoma Iredale, 1941, Paulodorra Iredale, 1941.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Canefriula lacteolata lacteolataCanefriula lacteolata lacteolata (E.A. Smith, 1887) - Papua New Guinea, ± 34mm - A variable Papuinid species. This nominate form is limited to the south central coast of PNG. The surface sculpture is slightly malleated. Canefriula lacteolata kuruduensisCanefriula lacteolata kuruduensis Benthem Jutting, 1965 - Irian Jaya, Indonesia, ± 30mm - Endemic to Kurudu Id. off Japen Id. This subspecies is smaller than the typical form with less banding. Other distinct forms of C. lacteolata are found throughout the species range.
Canefriula rolandiCanefriula rolandi Iredale, 1941 - Papua New Guinea, 30-34mm - Known from the Lower Fly River region. Banded and unbanded forms are found intermixed in populations. The shell color is white underneath a thick, shiny, ochre-colored periostracum, which flakes off very easily.    
MEGALACRON Rensch, 1934  >
MEGALACRON Rensch, 1934; Pileolus Lesson, 1831 (non Sowerby, 1823), Glomerata Rensch, 1934, Emiralena Iredale, 1941, Lisprelia Iredale, 1941, Lullicola Iredale, 1941, Solmopina Iredale, 1941, Pinnadena Iredale, 1941.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Megalacron klaarwateriMegalacron klaarwateri Rensch, 1931 - Papua New Guinea, 19-20mm - This brighly-colored endemic to Manus Island is found in a broad range of color-patterns. The base color is always lighter shade than the spire color and somewhat translucent.  
PAPUINA von Martens, 1860  >
PAPUINA von Martens, 1860; Geotrochus Swainson, 1832 (non Hasselt, 1823), Eugenia von Martens, 1860, Merope Albers, 1860 ? (non Newman, 1838), Cymotropis von Martens, 1860 ?, Insularia Tapparone-Canefri, 1883, Carmerope Iredale, 1941, Caroletitia Iredale, 1941, Hombronula Iredale, 1941, Letitia Iredale, 1941, Molmerope Iredale, 1941, Tepomusa Iredale, 1941, Saccoletitia Iredale, 1941, Zenolina Iredale, 1941, Wahgia Clench & Turner, 1959, Zetemina Iredale, 1941.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Papuina ambrosiaPapuina ambrosia (Angas, 1867), variety: ramsdeni Angas, 1867 - Solomon Islands, 20-22mm - Limited to the Nggela Group. Rather varied. The white flecks visible on the brown-banding are periostrical-like cuticle that darkens when wet. Papuina blainvilleiPapuina blainvillei (Le Gulliou, 1842) - Indonesia, 25mm - Endemic to the remote Aru Islands off Irian Jaya. The shell is covered with widely spaced oblique ribs. A rare species that is found mostly in old collections.
Papuina blandfordianaPapuina blandfordiana (H.Adams, 1865) - Indonesia, 16-17mm - from the remote regions of western Irian Jaya. Papuina poirieri (Tapparone Canefri, 1878) is a synonym. The species is quite rare in collections. Papuina lepidaPapuina lepida Fulton, 1916 - Indonesia, 26-29mm - endemic to Biak island north of Irian Jaya. The sharp peripheral keel is reflexed. This species was original tagged with the name Papuina cf. pelechyostoma, which is a similar, but smaller species from the main land of Irian Jaya. Papuina (P.) subcostataPapuina subcostata Fulton, 1916 - Indonesia, 27-34mm - endemic to Biak Island. Light and dark colored forms exist.
PAPUSTYLA Pilsbry, 1893  >
PAPUSTYLA Pilsbry, 1893.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Papustyla chanceiPapustyla chancei (Cox, 1870) - Papua New Guinea (New Ireland & east New Britain), ~33mm - A living specimen photographed by Brian Parkinson. The species is quite variable and the various color forms have been given names. Ref.: Photo © Brian Parkinson and may not be used without the expressed written permission of the the photographer or this Web site. Papustyla fergusoniPapustyla fergusoni (H.Adams, 1872) - Papua New Guinea, 24-27mm - Endemic to New Britain. Lives on bushes and low foliage. The shell color is tan and the black is periostracum.
Papustyla xanthochilaPapustyla xanthochila (Pfeiffer, 1861) - Papua New Guinea, 41-50mm - endemic to Bougainville Island. It cannot be confused with any other species. The lip color varies from pale yellow to a deep orangy-yellow. Papustyla xanthochilaPapustyla xanthochila (Pfeiffer, 1861) - Papua New Guinea, ~48mm - a living specimen photographed by Brian Parkinson. The green coloration of the animal shows through the thin white shell. Ref.: Photo © Brian Parkinson and may not be used without the expressed written permission of the the photographer or this Web site.  
RHYNCHOTROCHUS Möllendorff, 1895  >
RHYNCHOTROCHUS Möllendorff, 1895; Henga Iredale, 1941, Kathadena Iredale, 1941, Pompalabia Iredale, 1941, Violenga Iredale, 1941.
Ref.: Millard, V. 1997. Classification of the Mollusca.
 Rhynchotrochus grata magnaRhynchotrochus grata (Michelin, 1831) - Muswar Island, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 29-31mm - a large, more robust form endemic to Muswar. The tree snail has a rough, sand paper-like periostracum. Rare in collections. Rhynchotrochus prattiRhynchotrochus pratti Fulton, 1910 - Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 24mm - found on the offshore islands of northwestern Irian Jaya. The species is rare in collections due to its inaccessible habitat. Rhynchotrochus species live in trees in rainforests. 
Rhynchotrochus wiegmanniRhynchotrochus wiegmanni Fulton, 1910 - western New Britain, Papua New Guinea, 23-24mm - one of many color forms found throughout the range of the species. Ref.: . Rhynchotrochus wiegmanniRhynchotrochus wiegmanni Fulton, 1910 - western New Britain, Papua New Guinea, 24mm - one of many forms found throughout the range of the species. Ref.: Photo © Brian Parkinson and may not be used without the expressed written permission of the the photographer or this Web site.